Process Selection Considerations
Selection of an activated-sludge process for BOD removal and nitrification is a function of many considerations including specific site constraints, compatibility with the existing process, compatibility with existing equipment, present and future treatment needs, level of capability of the operating staff, capital costs, and operating cost.
Complete-mix activ
Environmental factors
organic matter (source of carbon and energy)
oxygen availability
nutrient (N,S, P) availability
temperature
pH
Eh
salinity
water activity
The addition of nutrients and electron acceptors
Stimulate activities that promote degradation of pollutant by the indigenous or existing microbial populations in the contaminated area
The addition of specific metabolic ca
Bacteriophage는 숙주 세포의 핵산, 뉴클레오타이드, 리보솜 등의 물질을 자원으로 삼아 자신의 유전물질을 복제하여 증식한다. 세포가 분열하기 전에는 유전물질과 그 외의 세포를 구성하는 다양한 물질들의 양이 증가하기 때문에 generation time이 짧은 세포를 숙주로 삼을수록 bacteriophage와 같은 바이러스가
microbial activity of Cronton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganism. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 20:101-105.
는데, 효과적으로 치면세균막을 관리함으로써 질환을 예방할 수 있다 Axelsson P. (2003). Preventive materials, Methods and programs. 4th ed. Karlstad:Quintessence;37-262.
. 치면세균막관리를 위해 가장
The Human Gastrointestinal Tract인간의 소화기관
consists of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
위, 작은 창자, 큰 창자로 구성되어 있다.
Responsible for
Digestion of food 음식물 소화
Absorption of nutrients 영양소 흡수
Production of nutrients by the indigenous microbial flora
고유미생물에 의한 영양소 생산
Contains 1013 to 1014
capacity, ultimately increasing the binding properties of proteins to improve texture.
Increases tenderness and juiciness of the meat product.
4) a critical component in contributing to the texture of processed meat products
-Ruusunen et al.(2001b)
5) reduction of microbial shelf life and improvement safety of processed meat products
-Whiting, Benedict, Kunsch, and Woychik (1984)
Calculations of the design of each unit operations
Flowrate
Present Average Flowrate = 4220 m3/d
Water use per capita = 4220/15000 = 0.281333 m3/d capita
Population after 10 years = 15000 Χ 1.0310 = 20158.75 ≒ 21000 capita
∴ Average Flowrate = 0.281333 Χ 21000 = 5908 m3/d ≅6000m3/d
Peak Flowrate = 5908 Χ 1.5 = 8862 m3/d ≅9000 m3/d
Screening
Conditions
Cle
military base
Layer : contaminated layer on the ground
water surface
Concentration reductions and constituent concentrations are difficult to achieve.
May not be effective for high constituent concentrations
Presence of significant heavy metal concentrations may inhibit microbial growth.
Volatile constituents tend to evaporate
Requires a large land area
microbiological problems in foods. In September 1997 a Study Group was jointly convened by the WHO, FAO and IAEA to evaluate the wholesomeness of food irradiated with doses above 10 kGy. This Study Group concluded that there is no scientific basis for limiting absorbed doses to the upper level of 10 kGy as currently recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Food irradiation technology is
Enamel
√ Hard and white substance covering the teeth
√ The hardest and most highly mineralized
√ Protects the fragile underlying parts of the teeth
√ Covers the crown and supported by dentin
Component of enamel
√ 96% of enamel : mineral, water, organic material
√ contain two unique classes of proteins amelogenins and enamelins
√ The basic unit of enamel is called